Some useful advice/facts:

Directors’ Responsibilities

The position of director brings both rewards and responsibilities upon an individual.

Whether you are appointed to the Board of the company you work for or you are involved in establishing a new business and take on the role of director you will feel a sense of achievement.

However the office of director should not be accepted lightly. It carries with it a number of duties and responsibilities. We summarise these complex provisions below.

Companies

You can undertake business in the UK as either:

• an unincorporated entity, ie a sole trader or a partnership or
• an incorporated body.

An incorporated business is normally referred to as a company. Although there are limited liability partnerships and unlimited companies the vast majority of companies are limited by shares. This means the liability of shareholders is limited to the value of their share capital (including any unpaid).

A limited company can be a private or public company. A public company must include 'public' or 'plc' in its name and can offer shares to the public.

The responsibilities and penalties for non compliance of duties are more onerous if you are a director of a public company.

Directors

When you are appointed a director of a company you become an officer with extensive legal responsibilities. For a director of an incorporated body, the Companies Act 2006 sets out a statement of your general duties. This statement codifies the existing ‘common law’ rules and equitable principles relating to the obligations of company directors that have developed over time. Common law had focused on the interests of shareholders. The Companies Act 2006 highlights the connection between what constitutes the good of your company and a consideration of its wider corporate social responsibilities.

The legislation requires that directors act in the interests of their company and not in the interests of any other parties (including shareholders). Even sole director/shareholder companies must consider the implications by not putting their own interests above those of the company.

The aim of the codification of directors’ duties in the Companies Act 2006 is to make the law more consistent and accessible.

The Act outlines seven statutory directors' duties, which also need to be considered for shadow directors. These are detailed below.

Duty to act within their powers

As a company director, you must act only in accordance with the company’s constitution, and must only exercise your powers for the purposes for which they were conferred.

Duty to promote the success of the company

You must act in such a way that you feel would be most likely to promote the success of the company (ie. its long-term increase in value), for the benefit of its members as a whole. This is often called the ‘enlightened shareholder value’ duty. However, you must also consider a number of other factors, including:

• the likely long-term consequences of any decision
• the interests of company employees
• fostering the company’s business relationships with suppliers, customers and others
• the impact of operations on the community and environment
• maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct
• the need to act fairly as between members of the company.

Duty to exercise independent judgment

You have an obligation to exercise independent judgment. This duty is not infringed by acting in accordance with an agreement entered into by the company which restricts the future exercise of discretion by its directors, or by acting in a way which is authorised by the company’s constitution.

Duty to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence

This duty codifies the common law rule of duty of care and skill, and imposes both ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ standards. You must exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence using your own general knowledge, skill and experience (subjective), together with the care, skill and diligence which may reasonably be expected of a person who is carrying out the functions of a director (objective). So a director with significant experience must exercise the appropriate level of diligence in executing their duties, in line with their higher level of expertise.

Duty to avoid conflicts of interest

This dictates that, as a director, you must avoid a situation in which you have, or may have, a direct or indirect interest which conflicts, or could conflict, with the interests of the company.

This duty applies in particular to a transaction entered into between you and a third party, in relation to the exploitation of any property, information or opportunity. It does not apply to a conflict of interest which arises in relation to a transaction or arrangement with the company itself.

This clarifies the previous conflict of interest provisions, and makes it easier for directors to enter into transactions with third parties by allowing directors not subject to any conflict on the board to authorise them, as long as certain requirements are met.

Duty not to accept benefits from third parties

Building on the established principle that you must not make a secret profit as a result of being a director, this duty states that you must not accept any benefit from a third party (whether monetary or otherwise) which has been conferred because of the fact that you are a director, or as a consequence of taking, or not taking, a particular action as a director.

This duty applies unless the acceptance of the benefit cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest.

Duty to declare interest in a proposed transaction or arrangement

Any company director who has either a direct or an indirect interest in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company must declare the ‘nature and extent’ of that interest to the other directors, before the company enters into the transaction or arrangement. A further declaration is required if this information later proves to be, or becomes either incomplete or inaccurate.

The requirement to make a disclosure also applies where directors ‘ought reasonably to be aware’ of any such conflicting interest.

However, the requirement does not apply where the interest cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest, or where other directors are already aware (or ‘ought reasonably to be aware’) of the interest.

Enforcement and penalties

The Companies Act states that they will be enforced in the same way as the Common Law, although under Company Law. As a result there are no penalties in the Companies Act 2006 for failing to undertake the above duties correctly.

Enforcement is via an action against the director for breach of duty. Currently such an action can only be brought by:

• the company itself (ie the Board or the members in general meeting) deciding to commence proceedings; or
• a liquidator when the company is in liquidation
• an individual shareholder can take action against a director for breach of duty. This is known as a derivative action and can be taken for any act of omission (involving negligence), default or breach of duty or trust.

Where the company is controlled by the directors these actions are unlikely.

How we can help

You will now be aware that the position of director must not be accepted lightly.

• the law is designed to penalise those who act irresponsibly or incompetently.
• a director who acts honestly and conscientiously should have nothing to fear.

We can provide the professional advice you need to ensure you are in the latter category. Please contact us if you would like more information.

Incorporation

The issue of whether to run your business as a company or a sole trade or partnership is an important decision. In this factsheet, we summarise the relevant tax changes which apply and show the potential tax savings currently available from operating as a company.

Caution - changes in tax law ahead

This factsheet calculates the position for 2015/16, however please be aware that significant changes are proposed to the taxation of dividends which were announced in the Summer Budget. These changes do not affect the current tax year but clearly will impact on a decision to incorporate.

Our initial calculations show that incorporation in 2016/17 and beyond may still result in lower tax bills than remaining unincorporated but the tax savings are significantly reduced. Please note that we have only been given the bare bones of the new regime which will be legislated for in Finance Bill 2016. This may mean that we do not see the draft legislation until the Autumn Statement in early December 2015.

Unfortunately it is difficult to provide definitive advice as to whether you should incorporate a business in these circumstances. It may be preferable to defer the decision until sufficient detail of the new regime has been published by the government.

Tax savings

The examples below give an indication of the 2015/16 tax savings that may be achievable for husband and wife who are currently in partnership.

The extent of the savings is dependent on the precise circumstances of the couple’s tax position and may be more or less than the above figures. The examples are computed on the basis that the couple:

• share profits equally
• have no other sources of income
• both partners take a salary of £8,060 from the company with the balance (after corporation tax) paid out as a dividend.

Summary of relevant tax and national insurance rates

Rate of corporation tax

Profits are taxed at 20%.

National Insurance

The rate of employees' NIC is 12%. In addition, a 2% charge applies to all earnings over the NIC upper earnings limit (which is £42,385 from 6 April 2015). The rate of NIC for the self-employed is 9%, and 2% on profits above £42,385 from 6 April 2015.

All NI contributions can be avoided by incorporating, taking a small salary up to the threshold at which NI is payable and then taking the balance of post-tax profits as dividends.

Pension provision

As an employee/ director of the company, it should be possible for the company to make pension contributions (subject to limits) to a registered fund irrespective of the salary level, provided it is justifiable under the wholly and exclusive rule. For further details of the tax position of pension provision for individuals see the factsheet on Pensions - Tax Reliefs. Such contributions are deemed to be a private expense for sole traders or partners.

Other tax issues

In addition we consider other relevant factors including potential disadvantages. It is all too easy to focus exclusively on the potential annual tax savings available by operating as a company. However, other tax issues can be equally, and in some cases more significant and should not be underestimated.

Capital gains

Incorporating your existing business will involve transferring at least some of your assets (most significantly goodwill) from your sole trade or partnership into your new company. The transfer of goodwill may create a significant capital gain although there is a mechanism for deferring the gain until any later sale of the company if the business is transferred in exchange for shares in the company.

Where goodwill is sold to the company for cash or debt on or after 3 December 2014, individuals are prevented from claiming Entrepreneurs' Relief (ER). Capital gains tax will be payable on the gain at the normal rates of 18% or 28% rather than 10%. The exception to this rule is that a claim to ER is allowed for partners in a firm who do not hold or acquire any stake in the successor company.

We will need to discuss in detail with you the most appropriate mechanism for your business.

Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT)

There may be SDLT charges to consider when assets are transferred to a company. Goodwill and debtors do not give rise to a charge, but land and buildings may do so.

Income tax

The precise effects of ceasing business in an unincorporated form, including ‘overlap relief’ need to be considered.

Capital allowances

Once again the position needs to be carefully considered.

Other advantages

There may be other non-tax advantages of incorporation and these are summarised below.

Limited liability

A company normally provides limited liability. If a shareholder’s shares are fully paid he cannot normally be required to invest any more in the company. However, banks often require personal guarantees from the directors for borrowings. The advantage of limited liability will generally apply in respect of liabilities to other creditors.

Legal continuity

A company will enjoy legal continuity as it is a legal entity in its own right, separate from its owners (the shareholders). It can own property, sue and be sued.

Transfer of ownership

Effective ownership of the business may be more readily transferred, in comparison to a business which is not trading as a limited company.

Borrowing

Normally a bank is able to take extra security by means of a ‘floating charge’ over the assets of the company and this will increase the extent to which monies may be borrowed against the assets of the business.

Credibility

The existence of corporate status is sometimes deemed to add to the credibility or commercial respectability of the business.

Pension schemes

The company could establish an approved pension scheme which may provide greater benefits than self-employed schemes.

Staff incentives

Employees may, with adequate safeguards, be offered an opportunity to acquire an interest in the business, reflecting their position in the company.

Disadvantages

No analysis of the position would be complete without highlighting potential disadvantages.

Administration

The annual compliance requirements for a company in terms of administration and accounting tend to result in costs being higher for a company than for a sole trader or partnership. Annual accounts need to be prepared in a format dictated by the Companies Act and, in certain circumstances, the accounts need to be audited by a registered auditor.

Details of the directors and shareholders are filed on the public register held by the Registrar of Companies.

Privacy

The annual accounts have to be made available on public record - although these can be modified to minimise the information disclosed.

PAYE/Benefits

If you do not have any employees at present, you do not have to be concerned with PAYE and returns of benefits forms (P11Ds). As a company, you will need to complete PAYE records for salary payments and submit details of salary payments on a timely basis under PAYE Real Time Information. You will also need to keep records of expenses reimbursed to you by the company. Forms P11D may have to be completed.

Dividends

If you will require regular payments from your company, we will need to set up a system for you to correctly pay dividends.

Transactions with the business owner

A business owner may introduce funds to and withdraw funds from an unincorporated business without tax implications. When a company is involved there may be tax implications on these transactions.

Director’s responsibilities

A company director may be at risk of criminal or civil penalty proceedings eg for late filing of accounts or for breaking the insolvency rules.

How we can help

There may be a number of good reasons for considering use of a company as part of a tax planning strategy. However as you can see from this factsheet, there are many factors to consider and proposed changes to the tax law may change this advice for some individuals. We would welcome the opportunity to talk to you about your own specific circumstances. Please do not hesitate to contact us.

For information of users: This material is published for the information of clients. It provides only an overview of the regulations in force at the date of publication, and no action should be taken without consulting the detailed legislation or seeking professional advice. Therefore no responsibility for loss occasioned by any person acting or refraining from action as a result of the material can be accepted by the authors or the firm.